English

      Grammar -Conditional type 0

If-clause	Main clause
If + Present tense	Present tense
If you freeze water	it turns into ice.

  

               

               

                        Examples

• If you freeze water, it turns into ice.
• If I work too much, I get tired. 
• If I have time, I usually go to the movies.
• If she eats hamburgers, she gets an allergy.

IF	condition	result
	present simple	present simple
If	I miss the 8 o'clock bus	I am late for work.
If	I am late for work	my boss gets angry.
If	people don't eat	they get hungry.
If	you heat ice	does it melt?

result	IF	condition
present simple		present simple
I am late for work	if	I miss the 8 o'clock bus.
My boss gets angry	if	I am late for work.
People get hungry	if	they don't eat.
Does ice melt	if	you heat it?

1.       When the sun is out, it heats the water in the oceans.

2.       When the sun heats the water in the oceans, there is vapor.

3.       When vapor rises into the air, it forms clouds.

4.       When water droplets in clouds gets too heavy, it rains.

5.       When it rains, the water runs off the ground or into lakes and rivers.

Grammar – Simple Present

We use the simple present for:

·         Facts: The sun rises in the east. It doesn’t rises in the west.

·         Habits/routines: Astronauts usually sleep 8 hours a day after a 16-hour work dat. They take sponge baths daily.

Do they exercise regularly? Yes, they do.

·         Timetables: The space museum opens at 9 pm every weekday.

Spelling rules

·         Most verbs + -s  I sleep -  He sleeps

·         Verbs in –ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o, -es  I miss – He misses

·         Consonant +  y + -ies  I study  - he studies

·         Vowel + y + -s I play – he plays

                

             Examples

I work with my father in the newspaper

I read the bible every day

I watch the TV in the night

I see my girlfriend every Friday

I like the music of Queen

          Grammar – Conditional Type 1

If clause	Main clause
If+ Present tense/must+ verb	Will/can/may
If it rains today	I’ll stay at home

                       Examples

·         If you don't leave, I'll call the police.

·         If you don't drop the gun, I'll shoot!

·         If you drop that glass, it will break.

·         Nobody will notice if you make a mistake.

·         If I have time, I'll finish that letter.

·         What will you do if you miss the plane?

MODULE 2

Grammar – Used to

      We use 'used to' for something that happened regularly in the past but no longer happens.

affirmative	negative
I/you/he, etc. Used to walk to   school	I/you/he, etc. didn’t used to live in a tall building.
Questions/ short  answers
Did I/you/ he , etc. used to grow food? Yes, I/you/he, etc., did/no, I/you/he, etc. didn’t. We used to for past habits and routines.

Affirmative

v  We used to go to the beach every summer when I was young.

v  He used to smoke a pack of cigarettes a day, but he quit last year.

v  I used to like spiders, but not anymore.

v  There used to be a great restaurant here, but it closed a few years ago.

Negative

v  I didn't use to like spiders, but now I do.

v  Food didn't use to be so expensive.

v  We didn't use to go away on holiday very often when I was young.

Interrogative

v  Didn't he use to smoke a lot? Did you use to live here?

v  Did they use to go to the beach in the summers?

v  Did you use to live here? 

Grammar – Simple past

We use the simple past for actions wich happened at a certain time in the past. The time is stated or implied. They left for America in 1918. ( when? In 1918.)

Positive	Negative	Question
I spoke.	I did not speak.	Did I speak?

For irregular verbs, use the past form .For regular verbs, just add “ed”.

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed	Example
After a final e only add “d”	love – loved
Final consonant after a short, stressed vowel     or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled	admit – admitted   travel – travelled
Final y after a consonant becomes	I hurry – hurried

Use of Simple Past

1.  Action in the past taking place once, never or several times

Example: He visited his parents every weekend.

2. Actions in the past taking place one after the other

Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down.

3. Action in the past taking place in the middle of another action

Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

4. If sentences type II (If I talked, …)

Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you.

Grammar – too/enough

Form

      too + adjective or adverb
too much/many + noun
too much/many + of + pronoun/determiner

adjective or adverb + enough
enough + noun
enough + of + pronoun/determiner

Meaning

1.     We use too to mean more than sufficient or more/less than necessary.
•     It's too late to stop him.
•     Jerry was too young to watch the movie.
•     There are too many people on this train, there's nowhere to sit.
•     You have too much money, give some to me.
•     You've eaten too many of those cakes.

2.     We use enough to mean sufficient.
•     Your clothes are big enough to fit me.
•     You've done enough work. You can stop now.
•     Have you got enough money to buy me a drink?

3.     We use enough in negative sentences to mean less than sufficient or less than necessary.
•     You're not working fast enough, you won't finish on time.
•     Sorry, I haven't got enough food for everyone.
•     Not enough of my friends are coming to the party.

MODULE 3

Past progressive

Form: was/were + main verb + -ing

Use: We use the past progressive to talk about actions in progress al a certain time in the past.

Affirmative	Negative
I was running.	I wasn’t running.
You were running.	You weren’t running.
He/she/it was running.	He/she/it wasn’t running.
We/you/they were running.	We/you/they weren’t running.
Time expressions used with the past progressive: while, when, as, all day/ night/ morning yesterday etc.

Examples

*Yesterday evening we were watching the game so we couldn't come.
*He was sleeping all night long.
*I wasn't resting, I was working!
*Last night at nine o'clock John was washing the dishes.
*Last week we were painting the house.
*This morning at five o'clock Shannon was taking care of her baby.
*I was studying when the phone rang.
*They were eating when their friends showed up.
*While the cat was sleeping the mice were eating its food.
*We were having a very nice picnic when it started to rain.

Past progressive (Questions / short answers)

Auxiliary	Subject	Verb	Rest	Yes/No	Subject	Auxiliary (+ n't)
Were	you	reading	books?	Yes,	I	was.
				No,	I	was not.
				No,	I	wasn't.
Was	Peter	playing	football?	Yes,	he	was.
				No,	he	was not.
				No,	he	wasn't.
Were	they	singing	a song?	Yes,	they	were.
				No,	they	were not.
				No,	they	weren't.

Adverbs

Adverbs are words that modify everything but nouns and pronouns. They modify adjectives, verbs, and other adverbs. A word is an adverb if it answers how, when, or where.

The only adverbs that cause grammatical problems are those that answer the question how, so focus on these.

Examples:

Quick + ly = quickly

Strange + ly = strangely

Dead + ly = deadly

Sudden + ly = suddenly

Clever + ly = cleverly

Brave + ly = bravely

Real + ly = really